Now, no one can dispute that there are more self-identifying conservatives than there are self-identifying liberals, but I admit that my entire argument is based on the assumption that the two coalitions are now primarily ideological rather than regional and ethnic. To date, I have not had the hard evidence to back this assumption up, and instead I have attempted to infer it from my studies on the partisan index. However, today I finally came across exit polls for every presidential election since 1976. Looking at these polls leads me to believe that I now have the proof of this ideological coalition shift that I always desired.
Ideologies as a percent of the Electorate
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Lib 20 17 16 18 21 19 20 21
Mod 49 46 42 45 49 47 50 45
Con 31 28 33 33 30 34 29 34
Since 1976, the number of self-identifying liberals and the number of self-identifying conservatives as a percentage of electorate has not changed significantly. In fact, the 12.5% gap of the eight-cycle average, 19% liberal and 31.5% conservative, is almost identical to the 13% 2004 gap of 34%-21%. However, during the same time when there was very little shift among ideological self-identification, there was an enormous shift in partisan self-identification:
Party ID as a percent of the Electorate
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Dem 37 43 38 37 38 40 39 37
Ind 41 23 26 26 27 22 26 26
Rep 22 28 35 35 35 35 35 37
In 1976 and 1980, Democrats held a 15-point edge in partisan self-identification over Republicans. However, starting in 1984, that gap was almost entirely erased, and the margin remained nearly static at anywhere from even to a five point Democratic edge. The 1980-1988 shift, which also registered in the partisan index as the south became much more pro-RNC and the north and west became more pro-DNC, occurred at exactly the same moment when liberals began to vote in far greater numbers for the Democratic nominee, and conservatives began to vote in far greater numbers for the Republican nominee:
Democratic Share of Ideological Vote
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Lib 74 60 71 82 68 81 81 85
Mod 53 43 46 51 48 57 53 54
Con 30 23 18 19 18 20 17 15
Republican Share of Ideological Vote
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Lib 26 28 29 18 14 12 13 13
Mod 47 49 54 49 31 33 45 45
Con 70 73 82 81 64 72 82 84
In 1976, Carter received 30% of the conservative vote, and Ford received 26% of the liberal vote. However, by 1988, Dukakis received only 19% of the conservative vote, while Bush received only 18% of the liberal vote. This occurred at exactly the same moment when Republicans virtually erased the partisan self-identification gap, and when Democrats began voting for their nominee in much larger percentages than they had in the past:
Democratic Share of Party ID Vote
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Dem 80 67 74 83 77 85 87 89
Ind 48 31 36 43 38 44 46 49
Rep 11 11 7 8 10 13 8 6
Republican Share of Party ID Vote
1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004
Dem 20 27 26 17 10 10 11 11
Ind 52 56 64 57 32 37 48 48
Rep 89 85 93 92 73 81 91 93
These tables, combined with the partisan index and state-by-state breakdown of liberals and conservatives, provide significant evidence for the following coalition shift narrative:Carter was able to receive a large share of the conservative vote in 1976 and 1980 because at that time there were still a large number of conservative Democrats who primarily resided in the south. However, the conservative south shifted to pro-RNC partisan index at the same time that Democrats stopped receiving a significant portion of the conservative vote and at the same time that the gap between Republicans and Democrats in partisan self-identification almost disappeared. In the early 1980's, large numbers of conservative southerners stopped identifying as Democrats for regional and / ethnic reasons, and began identifying with Republicans for ideological reasons. The resulting conservative domination of the Republican Party, already a frustration for liberal Republicans like John Anderson, led to a large defection of liberals away from the Republican starting in 1988. After receiving 26% or more of the liberal vote from 1976-1984, Republicans only managed 18% in 1988, and have never surpassed 14% since that time.
In other words, the conservative southern shift into an ideological coalition only slightly preceded the non-southern liberal shift into an ideological coalition. The two coalitions, which had been primarily ideological for several decades, became almost entirely ideological as 85% of liberals and conservatives now vote for the coalition that supports their ideology. In 1976, that number was around 70%. Half of the non-ideological partisans abandoned their party, and because there are more conservatives than liberals, Republicans benefited greatly from such a shift.
We are living an ideological age. We need to recognize this, and be willing to fight an ideological war. If liberals remain significantly outnumbered by conservatives, Republicans will remain the "natural" ruling party for two generations.
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